Chapter 38 of the Dàodéjīng as an Imaginary Genealogy of Morals
Ci, J. (2011). Chapter 38 of the Dàodéjīng as an Imaginary Genealogy of Morals. Ethics in Early China: An Anthology, 1, 233.
本文对《道德经》38章做道德谱系学的分析,指出这一章的重要性在于说明:儒家道德更会产生伪君子。儒家在道德完美性moral perfectibility上越走越远。(p. 243)
“上德不德,是以有德;下德不失德,是以无德。上德无为而无以为;下德为之而有以为。上仁为之而无以为;上义为之而有以为。上礼为之而莫之应,则攘臂而扔之。故失道而后德,失德而后仁,失仁而后义,失义而后礼。夫礼者,忠信之薄,而乱之首。前识者,道之华,而愚之始。是以大丈夫处其厚,不居其薄;处其实,不居其华。故去彼取此。”