Confucian propriety without inequality: A Daoist (and feminist) re-construction

Christine Abigail Lee Tan (11 Mar 2024): Confucian propriety without inequality: A Daoist (and feminist) re-construction, Asian Philosophy.

儒家价值观历史上会导致有害的传统：压制边缘群体marginalized groups，如女性。作者主张，儒家的和谐harmony，并不必然起源于等级秩序（荀子）。通过整合道家和女性主义的视野，作者主张，儒家的礼可以因此达到和harmony。

第一节 就关系存在论，整合儒家和道家

Relational ontology is the idea that there is nothing outside of the processes and relationships which make up the world.  儒家和道家共享此一观念。道家，可见《齐物论》天籁段落。儒家，德性之间相互依赖，可见《论语》“礼之用和为贵”。

第二节 礼的社会病理学 Social pathologies of Li

作者举出例子，如班昭，说明制度化的儒家对女性的刻板规定。作者认为，问题出在hierarchy and domination等级和支配。例如，荀子认为，等级秩序是必然的，如同天与地，否则，加入人人平等，人们就不会团结。等级的前提是支配，支配的产物则是边缘化。If hierarchy necessarily presupposes domination, yet domination results in marginalization, then marginalization becomes a natural part of the workings of the universe.

第三节 Hierarchy and order, flattened

作者接着发问：how is one to preserve roles without hierarchy?

作者指出harmony的重要性。Harmony is the alternating of opposites, of diversity, and of differences. 和谐是对立、多元、差异的交替。对于和谐而言，重要的是，什么是合适的there is only what is appropriate。

第四节 没有不平等的礼 Propriety without inequality: Li as dependence-based autonomy

那么，在关系存在论的语境下，礼应该是什么样的？

礼的目的：带来equality。

作者指出，li is a contingency-based autonomy in that it is what is appropriate for one’s self and others at that very time and place. 礼应该是基于偶在的自治。