Nietzsche on Morality

Leiter, Brian. 2015. Nietzsche on Morality. London and New York: Routledge.

第六章 

ressentiment

ressentiment is a psychological state. 它是reactive——it is a feeling that arises in response or as a reaction to some state of affairs. 这一事态特指，a state of affairs is both unpleasant to the affected person and one which he is powerless to alter through any remedial action.

怨恨：

（1）对事态A的反应reactive而起的情感

（2）事态A指的是，

（2.1）令当事人感到不愉快；

（2.2）当事人无能于补救。

作者强调，即便没有【自然秩序上的】优越性；面对不快的外部事件的无能感，才是怨恨的关键。

【值得注意，这种事态，对于当事人而言，也是一种苦难suffering，misery】

因而，所谓道德，即是奴隶的估值，是他们反应性情感的投射。

总而言之，作者指出了怨恨的核心要素：a negative, evaluative reaction to an external state of affairs that is unpleasant but which one cannot address through physical action。

最后，作者也指出，尼采提到的，怨恨的积极作用：文化的出现