The Early Confucian Worry about Yuan (Resentment)
Sung, W. The Early Confucian Worry about Yuan (Resentment). J Value Inquiry 54, 257–271 (2020).
预设:Yuan is a psychological state.
Section 1
指出怨在早期儒家文本中的六个特征。
1,怨是消极的反应性情感。
2,早期儒家并不认为怨一定就是不合适的。
3,总的来说,怨是不好的。
4,可以怨,但不可持续有。
5,怨,有时是针对环境。
6,怨,包含着人际关系(intimacy亲)。
Section 2
作者试图系统化论述儒家的怨的概念,探究发生怨的条件是什么,最后给出怨的定义:
yuan is a negative feeling or attitude that arises as a result of one seeing oneself as being in a worse-off state she does not want to be in due to forces or circumstances that are not up to her own control. (pp. 264-265)
Section 3
怨的消极面是什么?
作者指出,怨,会导致一个人以宾语的态度,而非主语的态度看待事物。
作者的观点:儒家对怨的批评在于,平时有怨是可接受的,但是如果长期浸淫于怨,则有问题,因为它使人们分心,无法适当地回应坏事。
Section 4
怨的当代意义,如moral repair and self-respect.