Philosophy of perception: A contemporary introduction

Fish, W. (2021). Philosophy of perception: A contemporary introduction. Routledge.

区分philosophy of perception有三个原则：

(1)  (C) the Common Factor Principle

Phenomenologically indiscriminable perceptions, hallucinations, and illusions have an underlying mental state in common. 无论是感知、幻想、幻觉，CFP认为，他们背后的心理状态是一样的

(2) (P) The Phenomenal Principle

If there sensibly appears to a subject to be something which possesses a particular sensible quality then there is something of which the subject is aware which does possess that quality. 所感知的东西必须有个意识对象（作为承载者bearer）

(3) (R) the Representational Principle

All visual experiences are representational. 视觉感知是再现（表象）

Sense datum theories（一般而言，接受C和P）

In all visual experience, whether perceptual or otherwise, we sense nonphysical objects, which nowadays are usually known as sense data.

Adverbial theories（只接受C）

Adverbialists reject the need to appeal to the objects of acts of sensing to explain what it is like for the subject, appealing instead to ways of sensing. 换言之，该理论否认P，认为毋须增加object，只是描述一种感知方式（副词化）。

An adverbial theory of perception contends that visual experiences are not episodes of sensing sense data but are rather episodes of sensing in particular ways. 

adverbialism was conceived of as a theory of perception that not only avoided the commitment to mental objects but that more generally avoided the commitment to any kind of dualistic metaphysics. (p. 38)

Belief acquisition theories (接受C和R)

Belief acquisition theories (also known as doxastic theories) argue that visual experience is no more than the acquisition of belief. 视觉经验就是习得信念。

反对者：这个理论排除了动物、儿童作为感知者；同时，忽视了blindsight问题。

there is a pathological phenomenon, well known among visual psychologists, called blindsight, which has had a great deal of influence on recent philosophy of perception. Blindsight subjects typically have damage to brain area V1—the primary visual cortex—which effectively “maps” the retinal input. Because of this, damage to a localized area of V1 will often result in a scotoma—a blind spot—in part of the visual field. As we would expect, if a stimulus is presented to a subject in their blind spot, the subject claims to be unable to see it.  (p. 63) blindsight，一种疾病现象。盲视者可以不通过盲点的视觉体验，仍然获得关于盲点的信念。

Intentional theories (接受C和R)

该理论认为，视觉经验是一种命题态度，即把感知物视为意向内容。该理论的一个例子，就是representationalism，它主张，视觉经验由其意向内容所决定。

Disjunctive theories (拒绝C)

分离理论（析取主义），认为即便是indiscriminable experience，也可以被区分为不同种类（而非寻找一个共同的因素）。

其他的感知

1，我们到底有多少种感知？根据感官划分，或根据感知的特征来划分？

2，非视觉的经验。例如，声音、臭味，是被感知物自身的性质吗？

3，各种感知之间，是彼此区分、毫无互动吗？